Forest damage

Aim obtain early quantitative indication of changes in the photosynthetically active part of the tree The health of the tree is influenced by many natural, e.g. climatic and biological, and antropogenic factors. The effects are primarily reflected in the foliage of the tree. Since the Norway spruce is the dominant the observations are centrered on it. About 100 Norway spruces distributed on circular plots over the whole site are observed once a year in July-September.   Variables defoliation, discoloration, other damage, dominance class

Defoliation and discoloration are observed on the light-exposed part of dominant trees by two persons independent from each other. Then they agree on one value.